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Cough syrup is an oral liquid medication designed to relieve cough symptoms associated with respiratory infections, allergies, or chronic conditions. These over-the-counter and prescription formulations contain various active ingredients targeting different cough mechanisms. Understanding the distinction between cough types—productive (wet) coughs that expel mucus versus nonproductive (dry) coughs—is crucial for selecting appropriate treatment. Cough syrups typically contain antitussives (cough suppressants), expectorants (mucus thinners), or combination ingredients addressing multiple symptoms simultaneously.

Antitussive cough syrups contain medications like dextromethorphan or codeine that suppress the cough reflex by acting on the brain's cough center. These are appropriate for dry, irritating coughs that interfere with sleep or daily activities but don't serve a productive purpose. Expectorant cough syrups contain guaifenesin, which thins and loosens mucus, making it easier to cough up and clear from airways—ideal for productive coughs associated with chest congestion. Many cough syrups combine multiple ingredients, including decongestants, antihistamines, or pain relievers, to address various cold and flu symptoms comprehensively.

When using cough syrup, proper dosing according to age and weight is essential, particularly for children. Adults should follow label instructions carefully and avoid exceeding recommended doses. Common side effects include drowsiness, dizziness, nausea, and constipation. Drug interactions can occur with other medications, alcohol, and certain medical conditions. Cough syrups should not be given to children under specific ages without medical guidance. Patients should seek medical attention if coughs persist beyond three weeks, produce bloody or green mucus, are accompanied by high fever, or cause breathing difficulties, as these may indicate serious conditions requiring professional treatment.